Traditional class logic uses four forms of sentences which are labelled A,E,I and O.
All _______ are ________. (A)
No _______ are ________. (E)
Some _____ are _________. (I)
Some _____ are not ______. (O)
The blanks are filled in with CLASS TERMS to generate sentences. For example, "All Siberian huskies are stubborn dogs" is a sentence of the A-form which expresses a relation between the class of Siberian huskies and the class of stubborn dogs.
• Arguments
Sentences can be combined to produce ARGUMENTS in which one or more sentences, the PREMISES, are taken to support another sentence, the CONCLUSION.
Here is an example:
All poisonous animals are dangerous. (premise)
Some snakes are poisonous animals. (premise)
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Some snakes are dangerous. (conclusion)
This argument is in fact a syllogism. A SYLLOGISM is an argument which has
(1) two premises and a conclusion each in the form A, E, I or O, and
(2) exactly three class terms -- a MAJOR TERM (predicate of conclusion and in first premise), a MINOR TERM (subject of conclusion and in second premise) and a MIDDLE TERM (in both premises).
• Validity
An argument is VALID if and only if it is not possible for its premise(s) to be true and its conclusion false. Here is an invalid argument:
All apples are fruit.
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All fruit are apples.
in which it IS possible for the premise to be true and the conclusion false. Here is a valid argument:
All apples are fruit.
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All non-fruit are non-apples.
where it is NOT possible for the premise to be true and the conclusion false. (N.B. A valid argument may have premises which are in fact false. The claim of validity is that if the premises were true, the conclusion must be true also.)
• Venn Diagrams
Toward the end of the Nineteenth Century the logician John Venn proposed a method of using intersecting circles to test arguments of class logic for validity. This computer program uses an adaptation of his method. The method is simple and effective procedure for determining whether or not an argument of class logic is valid.
Intuitively, an argument is valid if the information in the conclusion is already contained in the premises. That is why in a valid argument if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true as well. In using Venn diagrams the information in each premise is symbolized on a diagram. If, after all the premises have been symbolized on the diagram, the information in the conclusion is already on the diagram, the argument is valid.
To learn how to diagram premises select "Sentence" from the Venn menu. Select "Single Premise Argument" to work on arguments with one premise and select "Syllogism" to work on syllogistic arguments.